Standard Reference Data Act. DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing shall not be liable for any damage that may result from been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. Copyright for NIST Standard Reference Data is governed by Technology, Office of Data To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Your institution may already be a subscriber. [all data], Jones, 1960 Climate change, and global warming specifically, are adding lots of heat to the atmosphere. These bonds hold the molecules together. ; Spitzer, Ralph, It is measured in Joules per mole (J/mol), or sometimes in Calories (C). In a liquid state, a certain substance forms many temporary, but strong bonds between molecules. Willingham, C.B. Direct link to JLD's post In the last paragraph it , Posted 6 years ago. These bonds contain energy, and hold the liquid in a lower energy state. At higher pressures, more energy is required. Bondi, A., Gaw, W.J. Learn a new word every day. Ebulliometric apparatus for the measurement of enthalpies of vaporization, Heat of Vaporization Definition. You may have seen this for yourself if you've ever put a sealed glass container containing a mostly-watery food (soup, soda, etc.) Zh. Cruickshank, Austin J.B.; Cutler, A.J.B., The vaporization of a liquid is closely associated with a significant increase in the distance between molecules and a reduction in their interactions. Water is an anomaly (that is, a weird standout) in its lower density as a solid. Many metals form complex interactions with other metal atoms. [all data], Svoboda, Vesel, et al., 1973 J. Ans: Vapour forms due to the boiling of fuel in the fuel lines, as the result of excessive heating of the engine in hot weather or operation of the vehicle in high altitude regions that lowers the boiling point of the fuel because of which the vapor lock occurs. It takes a lot of heat to vaporize water, which is important for the water cycle and temperature of the Earth. Evaporation is the surface process wherein sprinkles of liquid spread on the ground turn to steam when the surface is hot. Data, 1993, 38, 2, 320-323, https://doi.org/10.1021/je00010a034 [all data], Gierycz, Kosowski, et al., 2009 . Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data. (Right) Image of icebergs floating on the surface of the ocean. The distinction between the two is clear (now). No tracking or performance measurement cookies were served with this page. Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Alcohol, ethyl (ethanol) 846. Enthalpy of vaporization (at saturation pressure) J. Chem. by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. (1 Tr) . Excess Gibbs Free Energy of the System Hexafluorobenzene + Cyclohexane, The average molar enthalpy of vaporization or Hvap for nonpolar compounds is given by the following empirical Hildebrand's rule: Where Tvap is the temperature of vaporization. Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment; T boil: 353.9 0.2: K: AVG: N/A: Average of 93 out of 116 values; Individual data points Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment; T fus: 279.6 0.3 Stand. Chem. by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. A, 1934, 169, 20. But here goes.. What if you drop a solid into a liquid and they both have the same density. (S.-Peterburg), 1965, 38, 378. Volumetric Properties of Cyclohexane Vapor, Eng. The weaker the bond between atoms, the less energy is needed to break those bonds. (kJ/mol) Biologydictionary.net, June 06, 2017. https://biologydictionary.net/heat-of-vaporization/. Eng. Commun., 1973, 38, 12, 3539-3543, https://doi.org/10.1135/cccc19733539 Start your free trial today and get unlimited access to America's largest dictionary, with: Heat of vaporization. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/heat%20of%20vaporization. ; Taylor, W.J. P = vapor pressure (bar) [all data], Lainez, Rodrigo, et al., 1989 Why ice floats. At the surface of a liquid, why do some molecules evaporate but others do not? AIChE Symp. The example includes the usage of the "vaporization" in 1952 the Ivy Mike thermonuclear test that was performed in the uninhabited Marshall Island of Elugelab. Ziegler, W.T. The required increase in internal energy can be described as the energy needed to break the intermolecular interactions in the liquid. is similar to evaporation. National Institute of Standards and Commun., 1979, 44, 3, 637-651, https://doi.org/10.1135/cccc19790637 Alcohol, methyl (methanol alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits) 1100. J. Data compiled as indicated in comments: It is also known as the phase transition from the liquid to the gas phase, but boiling is the formation of vapor as bubbles of high-temperature water below the surface of the liquid just like we keep the water jar on a high flame, it turns to bubbles and then the steam escapes into the atmosphere. for nonpolar compounds is given by the following empirical Hildebrand's rule: It is a type of vaporization in which a small amount of material, i.e., 5-100. of the substance is deposited in the electrically conductive vaporization cell. Data, 1989, 34, 332-335. Question 30 1 out of 1 points The heat of vaporization involves the change in from HS 123 at Arellano University, Malabon Data, 1963, 8, 3, 371-381, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60018a027 Biology Dictionary. Thermal data. The meaning of HEAT OF VAPORIZATION is heat absorbed when a liquid vaporizes; specifically : the quantity of heat required at a specified temperature to convert unit mass of liquid into vapor. ; Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P.E., In this paragraph of heat of vaporization I got a bit confused by these numbers: "Waters heat of vaporization depends on the temperature: it's around 540 cal/g at 100 C (water's boiling point) and around 580 cal/g at 25 C (room temperature).". Teja, A.S.; Anselme, M.J., In a solution containing both the liquid and gaseous states, the kinetic energy of the vapor is higher than that of the liquid because the particles of vapor are able to flow more easily. The vaporization of a liquid is closely associated with a significant increase in the distance between molecules and a reduction in . AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos, Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Notes, Rauh, Geyer, et al., 1973 ; Fink, H.L., 2. Data, 1960, 5, 2, 196-200, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60006a019 shall not be liable for any damage that may result from Heats of vaporization and gaseous molar heat capacities of ethanol and the binary mixture of ethanol and benzene, 1986 results, Follow the links above to find out more about the data R. Dublin Soc., 1910, 12, 374. ", Biologydictionary.net Editors. Temperature dependence of heats of vaporization of saturated hydrocarbons C5-C8; Experimental data and an estimation method, such sites. Chem., 1947, 39, 4, 517-540, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50448a022 Eng. Bur. [all data], Diogo, Santos, et al., 1995 Evaporation occurs at temperatures lower than the boiling temperature at a given pressure, it always occurs on the surface. In the last paragraph it says: "In lakes and ponds, a layer of ice forms on top of the liquid water, creating an insulating barrier". Heat Capacities and Entropies of Organic Compounds in the Condensed Phase. While the ocean can absorb much of this heat, it has limits. on behalf of the United States of America. [all data], Aston, Szasa, et al., 1943 Chem. Part 3. Czech. Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) As a result of the EUs General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds: A Critical Review and Data Compilation, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985, 300. Instead, it becomes known as a supercritical fluid. vapH = The below diagram shows how the saturation occurs: A Vapor lock is a partial/complete interruption/disruption of the fuel flow in an internal-combustion engine that is caused by the formation of vapor or bubbles of gas in the fuel-feeding system. Can. on behalf of the United States of America. [all data], Stull, 1947 Direct link to Ron Feldman's post My question is related to, Posted 4 years ago. C p,liquid: Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid: c H liquid: Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions: vap H: Enthalpy of vaporization: vap H: Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions This expansion will lead to much of the flooding that is currently estimated by climate scientists. Gaw, W.J. With most other liquids, solidificationwhich occurs when the temperature drops and kinetic (motion) energy of molecules is reducedallows molecules to pack more tightly than in liquid form, giving the solid a greater density than the liquid. The heat capacity, entropy and free energy of formation of cyclohexane. Bildungsenthalpien und mesomerieenergien von -bindungssystemen, Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Binary Systems Formed by Allyl Alcohol with Benzene and with Cyclohexane, Proc. Why do the fastest-moving molecules leave the liquid? Water's heat of vaporization is around 540 cal/g at 100 C, water's boiling point. Soc., 1930, 52, 1032-1041. Direct link to Immanuel Tolstoyevski's post Yes, that part is not ver, Posted 6 years ago. Metals have an even higher heat of vaporization. Heat is how fast the molecules are moving in a given object. However, this equation does not take into consideration the additional energy needed for the gas particles to push back against atmospheric pressure to allow for the increase in volume when a liquid boils. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! [all data], Marinichev and Susarev, 1965 Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2 on behalf of the United States of America. Vapor pressure of cyclohexane, 25 to 75.degree., J. Chem. Hence, a more complete equation to calculate the heat of vaporization is: Where Uvap is the difference in internal energy between the vapor phase and the liquid phase (Uvap = Hvapor Hliquid), and pV is the work done against the ambient pressure. (2017, June 06). Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr. Lee, Chang Ha; Holder, Gerald D., been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. Gas-liquid critical properties of the cycloalkanes and their mixtures, Chem. Hv = q / m. Wherein, Hv = vaporization heat. NIST Standard Reference 3. Eng. In lakes and ponds, a layer of ice forms on top of the liquid water, creating an insulating barrier that protects the animals and plant life in the pond below from freezing. Enthalpy data of liquids. J. Chem. Part of the answer is that less dense materials conduct less heat, and thus slow down heat transfer. The solid would be suspended in the middle of the liquid without moving. errors or omissions in the Database. ; Geyer, W.; Schmidt, H.; Geiseler, G., Also known as enthalpy of vaporization, the heat of vaporization (H vap) is defined by the amount of enthalpy (heat energy) that is required to transform a liquid substance into a gas or vapor. ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein However, boiling is a bulk phenomenon, meaning, this process occurs when the vessel filled with water is kept on high flame and the liquid turns to steam. with the development of data collections included in And since it is frozen at an expanded state with molecules further apart, it is less dense than water which has it's molecules closer together. and Informatics, NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data), Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid, Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions. Drying your clothes on the roof is an example of evaporation. [all data], Simon, 1957 ; Rossini, F.D., Ans: The enthalpy of vaporization, i.e., symbolized as Hvap, is known as the latent heat of vaporization/heat of evaporation. The main influences over the heat of vaporization are the interactions between molecules in a solution. Past this critical temperature, the substance is distinguishable neither as a liquid nor a vapor. The increased movement in gas particles compared to liquid particles creates heat and pressure. "Heat of Vaporization. Vapor-liquid equilibria in the systems toluene/naphthalene and cyclohexane/naphthalene, Bull. Rotinjanz, L.; Nagornow, N., This is extremely important for life on Earth. It is measured in Joules per mole (J/mol), or sometimes in Calories (C). The fascinating story behind many people's favori Can you handle the (barometric) pressure? Data, 1996, 41, 365-372. Prikl. Tr = reduced temperature (T / Tc). what is the difference between heat and temperature? Further, as the ocean absorbs heat, the molecules expand. Data, 1967, 12, 3, 326-329, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60034a010 NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10. (TRC) data available from this site, much more physical . That means the water suddenly escapes into the atmosphere (no formation of bubbles or something). Collect. We observe this gas as water vapor or steam. Vedantu LIVE Online Master Classes is an incredibly personalized tutoring platform for you, while you are staying at your home. Part of, Posted 8 years ago. [all data], Willingham, Taylor, et al., 1945 Figure 1: Heat imparts energy into the system to overcome the intermolecular interactions that hold the liquid together to generate vapor. All rights reserved. Am. Rauh, H.J. Database and to verify that the data contained therein have Some formhydrogen bonds, while other substances form other types of mild bonds between molecules. Am. J. Chem. (Leipzig), 1973, 253, 43-48. . ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein Z. Phys. Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, 1987, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2 Chim. I'm afraid I can't articulate my question above or my current understanding below very well.. . J. RES. Faraday Soc., 1968, 64, 637-647, https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9686400637 Soc., Trans., 1899, 75, 873. [all data], Lainez, Rodrigo, et al., 1989 following TRC products: Daubert, 1996 InChI=1S/C12H18/c1-2-4-6-8-10-12-11-9-7-5-3-1/h1-2,7-10H,3-6,11-12H2/b2-1-,9-7+,10-8+, National Institute of Standards and . Water has unique chemical characteristics in all three statessolid, liquid, and gasthanks to the ability of its molecules to hydrogen bond with one another. Requested URL: byjus.com/heat-of-vaporization-formula/, User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/103.0.0.0 Safari/537.36. . Water absorbs heat slowly and releases heat when there is less sun. Belg., 1957, 66, 375-81. Majer, Vladimr; Svoboda, Vclav; Hla, Slavoj; Pick, Jir, Faraday Soc., 1968, 64, 637, https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9686400637 Water has high specific heat. J. As such, water also has a high heat of vaporization. Chem. One thing to note is that heat is required to convert solid or liquid into a gaseous (steam) state. Direct link to iShowRizz's post This is because when wate, Posted 7 years ago. . Direct link to ILoveToLearn's post The higher the speed, the, Posted 6 years ago. - 355. The difference in kinetic energy between a substances liquid state and gaseous state. On the other hand, when the temperature drops and water freezes, water molecules form a crystal structure maintained by hydrogen bonding (as there is too little heat energy left to break the hydrogen bonds). Data compiled as indicated in comments: Rauh, H.J. Chem. Majer, V.; Svoboda, V., You idly notice both the sweat beads on your arms and the chunks of ice floating at the top of your water glass. Svoboda, V.; Vesel, F.; Holub, R.; Pick, J., Direct link to svetlana4ered's post But why is the distance b, Posted a year ago. Copyright for NIST Standard Reference Data is governed by The heat capacity of benzene-d6, ; Huffman, H.M.; Thomas, S.B., In other words, water has a high. [all data], Young and Fortey, 1899 ; Pignocco, J.M. Aust. In fact, water takes over 40,000 Joules per mole to vaporize. When a cell freezes, its watery contents expand and its membrane (just like the soda bottle) is broken into pieces. Khim. There is a critical temperature at which the heat of vaporization vanishes (Tr=1). If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Chem., 1988, 66, 4, 783-790, https://doi.org/10.1139/v88-136 Am. Vaporization is the stage of an element or compound turning to a gaseous state from the liquid state. Trans. [all data], Go To: Top, Phase change data, References. Bildungsenthalpien und mesomerieenergien von -bindungssystemen, Data compilation copyright in these sites and their terms of usage. In the process of laser drilling, the term ablation is usually used to indicate a vaporization-dominated process. by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. Chem. ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein 4. Vapor-Liquid Critical Properties of Elements and Compounds. Will the solid float or sink? ; Szasa, G.J. Because this doesn't happen with the layer of ice in the way, water can stay warmer for longer. All rights reserved. Water molecules are very good at forming. J. The layer which is most closer to the air, interacts with air molecules. In liquid water, hydrogen bonds are constantly being formed and broken as the water molecules slide past each other. Database and to verify that the data contained therein have shall not be liable for any damage that may result from (Moscow), 1965, 38, 378-383. K. See also. ; Eubank, P.T., Ser., 1974, 70, 140, 14-21. Excess volumes and excess heaat capacitiies of some mixtures with trans,trans,cis-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene at 298.15K, All rights reserved. [all data], Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 The critical properties of thermally stable and unstable fluids. Acetone. It takes a lot of heat to increase the temperature of liquid water because some of the heat must be used to break hydrogen bonds between the molecules. NIST subscription sites provide data under the the CAL - James S. Chickos, William E. Acree, Jr., Joel F. Liebman, Students of Chem 202 (Introduction to the Literature of Chemistry), University of Missouri -- St. Louis, vapH = A exp(-Tr) (U.S.), 1945, 35, 3, 219-244, https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.035.009 The land cools faster than the sea once the sun goes down, and the slow-cooling water can release heat to nearby land during the night. A very basic equation to calculate the heat of vaporization is: This calculates the difference in internal energy of the vapor phase compared to the liquid phase. . Thanks to your hard work studying the properties of water, you recognize both the sweat on your arms and the floating ice cubes in your glass as examples of water's amazing capacity for hydrogen bonding. So when water reaches 0 degrees celsius it is frozen at an expanded state. XVII. The hotter the liquid already is, the less energy is required. ; Anthony, R.G. At a certain point, the molecules will begin to break away from the liquid and vaporize. [all data], Young, 1910 Soc. SRD 103b Thermo Data Engine (TDE) for pure compounds, Awesome question. Hence, the temperature at which boiling occurs is the boiling temperature or boiling point. J. Chem. Soc., 1943, 65, 1135-1139. As the molecules gain more kinetic energy, they become more likely to separate from the liquid and become a gas. Soc., 1942, 64, 2482-2485. Direct link to Ryan Hoyle's post Awesome question. Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.003 l/mol; Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.07 mol/l; Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.04 mol/l; Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.02 mol/l; Uncertainty assigned by TRC = 0.06 mol/l; Based on data from 293. Database and to verify that the data contained therein have ; Rossini, F.D., When a system captures hear from its surroundings, there is a, Evaporation occurs only when the partial/incomplete pressure of vapor of a substance/material is lower than the. Collect. STAN., 1945, 35, 3, 219-17, https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.035.009 The heat of vaporization always has what kind of value? Direct link to Maryam's post What if you drop a solid , Posted 4 years ago. T = temperature (K). Delivered to your inbox! When a system captures hear from its surroundings, there is a temperature rise. The Heat Capacity of Gaseous Cyclopentane, Cyclohexane and Methylcyclohexane, Go To: Top, Phase change data, References, Notes. To get water to vaporize, you must increase the temperature to make the molecules move faster. Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw, 402. [all data], Bondi, 1963 Gierycz, Pawel; Kosowski, Andrzej; Swietlik, Ryszard, Data, 2009, 54, 11, 2996-3001, https://doi.org/10.1021/je900050z That is, water has a high, Waters heat of vaporization is around 540 cal/g at 100 C, water's boiling point. Data compilation copyright The Heat of Vaporization (also called the Enthalpy of Vaporization) is the heat required to induce this phase change. Don't be surprised if none of them want the spotl One goose, two geese. This is because when water goes lower than 4 degrees celsius it expands. McCullough, J.P.; Person, W.B. Chem. Critical Constants and Straight-Line Diameters of Ten Hydrocarbons, Young, S., Vaporization occurs when a laser heats the material above or equivalent to its boiling point. If you think about using a metal vs wooden spoon in a hot pan of water, it's the metal one that will burn you, because it is more dense and a better conductor of heat. Technology, Office of Data J. Chem. J. Chem. the The enthalpy of vaporization is generally considered for the normal boiling temperature of the substance whose value is usually corrected to 298 K. Q2: Describe Electrochemical Vaporization. Soc., 1946, 68, 12, 2537-2538, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01216a032 . Standard Reference Data Act. So, when there is a temperature rise, the atoms or molecules of a liquid or solid that are held together by cohesive forces, turn to adhesive forces, which in turn, separate the atoms or molecules to form the vapor; therefore, the heat of vaporization is a direct measure of these cohesive forces. Eng. Heat of Vaporization. The amount of energy required is a function of the pressure at which the transformation takes place, and is temperature dependent. The Heats of Vaporization and Vapor Heat Capacities of Some Dimethylcyclohexanes 1, Since the majority of Earth is made of water, large changes in the amount of solar energy the Earth receives are counteracted by water. View plot Prikl. [all data], Gaw and Swinton, 1968, 2 The vaporization of a liquid is closely associated with a significant increase in the distance between molecules and a reduction in their interactions. Water is also used by warm-blooded animals to distribute heat through their bodies: it acts similarly to a cars cooling system, moving heat from warm places to cool places, helping the body keep an even temperature. Marinichev, A.N. Specifically, in ice, the water molecules are pushed farther apart than they are in liquid water. VI. Direct link to Schuck, Angela's post Why is waters high heat , Posted 2 years ago. Sci. [all data], Ruehrwein and Huffman, 1943 (Left) Crystal structure of ice, with water molecules held in a regular 3D structure by hydrogen bonds. errors or omissions in the Database. Direct link to miluutin's post In this paragraph of heat, Posted 7 years ago. Daubert, T.E., [all data], Domalski and Hearing, 1996 Study of a Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium in the Systems of Acetone/Methanol and Acetone/Cyclohexane at Temperatures 35, 45, 55 C and Pressure 760 Torr, The site owner may have set restrictions that prevent you from accessing the site. J. Phys. Jones, A.H., Boiling occurs only when the equilibrium vapor pressure of the substance is greater than or equal to the environmental/atmospheric pressure. In this article, we will discuss how vaporization occurs, types of vaporization, in detail. Volume III, Eng. The average molar enthalpy of vaporization or H. The high-power densities generated by short-pulsed lasers let the vaporization occur with minimum thermal damage to the surrounding material. Data compilation copyright m = mass of the substance. ; Pignocco, J.M. Another example, due to continuously decreasing pressures, vapor pumped out of a solution eventually leaves behind a cryogenic (cancer-causing) liquid at temperatures below the boiling temperature at a given pressure. errors or omissions in the Database. Just as it takes a lot of heat to increase the temperature of liquid water, it also takes an unusual amount of heat to vaporize a given amount of water, because hydrogen bonds must be broken in order for the molecules to fly off as gas. . 2021 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST , is known as the latent heat of vaporization/heat of evaporation. Since the molecular pressure and the kinetic energy of each molecule inside the container is high because of the high temperature; therefore, more molecules escape the surface, and the saturated vapor pressure also increases. log10(P) = A (B / (T + C)) Direct link to Ivana - Science trainee's post The layer which is most c, Posted 3 years ago. Diogo, Hermnio P.; Santos, Rui C.; Nunes, Paulo M.; Minas da Piedade, Manuel E., A small magnitude of electric current is supplied to the cell. The heat of vaporization describes how much energy is needed to separate these bonds. Vapor Pressures and Boiling Points of Some Paraffin, Alkylcyclopentane, Alkylcyclohexane, and Alkylbenzene Hydrocarbons, [all data], Lubomska, Banas, et al., 2002 C p,liquid: Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid: c H liquid: Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions The term vaporization was being used in colloquia/hyperbolic manner to allude to the physical destruction of an object/element that is exposed to intense heat or explosive force, where the object of large mass is split into small pieces rather than converting into gaseous form.
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